Rediscovering the Septuagint (LXX): Jeremiah 33

Here is a direct side-by-side comparison of the Masoretic Text with the LXX.  I have concluded that the LXX is much to be preferred over the Masoretic Text, a position from which the Eastern Orthodox Church never deviated. Perhaps, if you take the time to read my comparisons and other articles, you will arrive at the same conclusion.

The Septuagint version I am using is the Lexham English Septuagint 2nd Edition, which is available in print or as part of Logos Bible Software. Occasionally I also use the Brenton translation of the LXX for insight into difficult passages.

If you want to know more, click on the following links.

Masoretic Text Septuagint Significance

1 Moreover the word of the LORD came to Jeremiah a second time, while he was still shut up in the court of the prison, saying, 2 “Thus says the LORD who made it, the LORD who formed it to establish it (the LORD is His name): 3 ‘Call to Me, and I will answer you, and show you great and mighty things, which you do not know.’ Jeremiah 33:1–3 (NKJV) 

1 And the word of the Lord came to Jeremiah a second time (and he was still confined in the court of the guard), saying, 2 “This is what the Lord said, who makes the earth and forms it to establish it; the Lord is his name: 3 ‘Cry out to me, and I will answer you, and I will tell you great and mighty things that you do not know.’ Jeremiah 40:1–3 (LES2) 

This chapter shows clearly how the Masoretes were willing to corrupt the Scriptures to push ahead their agenda. Verses 14-26 in the MT do not even exist in the LXX.

The LXX clarifies what God makes/made, which is the earth. Other than that, this passage is in agreement.

4 “For thus says the LORD, the God of Israel, concerning the houses of this city and the houses of the kings of Judah, which have been pulled down to fortify against the siege mounds and the sword: 5 ‘They come to fight with the Chaldeans, but only to fill their places with the dead bodies of men whom I will slay in My anger and My fury, all for whose wickedness I have hidden My face from this city. Jeremiah 33:4–5 (NKJV)

4 Because this is what the Lord said concerning the houses of this city and concerning the houses of the king of Judah, which have been taken down for stakes and fortifications 5 to fight against the Chaldeans and to fill it with the corpses of the people whom I struck in my wrath and in my anger, and I turned back my face from them for all their evils: Jeremiah 40:4–5 (LES2)

The MT adds “the God of Israel” in typical fashion to make sure that Israel stays in the forefront of our thoughts. The MT also adds editorial details regarding the “stakes and fortifications” mentioned in the LXX. It renders the phrase as “to fortify against the siege mounds and the sword.” The MT adds the words “they come,” before “to fight,” which makes no sense. The flow of the LXX is much better when it simply says, “to fight.”

6 Behold, I will bring it health and healing; I will heal them and reveal to them the abundance of peace and truth. 7 And I will cause the captives of Judah and the captives of Israel to return, and will rebuild those places as at the first. 8 I will cleanse them from all their iniquity by which they have sinned against Me, and I will pardon all their iniquities by which they have sinned and by which they have transgressed against Me. Jeremiah 33:6–8 (NKJV)

6 ‘Look, I myself am bringing healing and remedy to her (and I will make it evident to them, and I will cure her) and peace and faith. 7 And I will return the exile of Judah and the exile of Israel, and I will build them just as also the former time. 8 And I will cleanse them from all their injustices that they sinned against me, and I shall not remember their sins with which they sinned against me and withdrew from me. Jeremiah 40:6–8 (LES2)

The wording of verse 6 in the MT appears to flow better. There is disagreement on one word. Instead of truth, the LXX uses the word for faith. Verse 7 agrees. In verse 8, at the end, the MT says “by which they transgressed against me,” but the LXX says, “by which they withdrew from me.” In addition, the MT says, “I will pardon their iniquities,” but the LXX hearkens back to Jeremiah chapter 31/38, where the New Covenant is introduced, when it says, “I shall not remember their sins.”

The New Covenant was inaugurated by Jesus’ blood being poured out on Calvary to expiate our sins. (Matthew 26:28, 1 Peter 1:18-19) The Old Covenant sacrifices were unable to accomplish this. (Hebrews 10:4) Therefore, this passage indirectly points us to Christ.

9 Then it shall be to Me a name of joy, a praise, and an honor before all nations of the earth, who shall hear all the good that I do to them; they shall fear and tremble for all the goodness and all the prosperity that I provide for it.’ Jeremiah 33:9 (NKJV)

9 And it will be for cheer and praise, and for majesty to all the people of the earth, whoever will hear all the good things that I will do. And they will fear and be embittered concerning all the good and concerning all the peace that I will make for them.’ Jeremiah 40:9 (LES2)

Once again the MT editorializes and adds “to me a name of” to focus on the nation of Israel. The MT uses the word “goy” (nations) while the LXX uses the broader term, “laos” (people). The comparable Greek word for nations would have been “ethnos.” The MT says the people who observe the good things God does for Israel will tremble or be agitated. The LXX says they will be embittered. The MT translates “shalom” as prosperity in the NKJV and as peace in the NASB, but the LXX uses the Greek word for peace, revealing how the Jewish translators of the LXX viewed this use of “shalom,” which can have multiple meanings.

10 “Thus says the LORD: ‘Again there shall be heard in this place—of which you say, “It is desolate, without man and without beast”—in the cities of Judah, in the streets of Jerusalem that are desolate, without man and without inhabitant and without beast, 11 the voice of joy and the voice of gladness, the voice of the bridegroom and the voice of the bride, the voice of those who will say: “Praise the LORD of hosts, For the LORD is good, For His mercy endures forever”— and of those who will bring the sacrifice of praise into the house of the LORD. For I will cause the captives of the land to return as at the first,’ says the LORD. Jeremiah 33:10–11 (NKJV)

10 This is what the Lord said: ‘There will yet be heard in this place of which you say, “It is a desert without humans and animals in the cities of Judah and outside Jerusalem that are deserted, with the result that there is no human or animals,” 11 a sound of cheer and a sound of gladness, a voice of a bridegroom and a voice of a bride, a voice saying, “Acknowledge the Lord Almighty, because the Lord is precious, because his mercy is for eternity”; and they will bring gifts to the house of the Lord, because I will return all the exile of that land according to the former time,’ said the Lord. Jeremiah 40:10–11 (LES2)

The MT and LXX agree in this passage except in a couple of places. In verse 11, the MT says, “Praise the Lord of hosts, for the Lord is good.” The LXX says, “Acknowledge the Lord Almighty because the Lord is precious.” The Greek word translated “acknowledge” is exhomolegeomai, which means to confess.This is the same verb (homolegeomai) used in Philippians 2:11 regarding confessing that Jesus is Lord. Confession is a faith proclamation. Praise can be an expression or confession of faith as well.

The LXX translators used the English world “precious” in place of the MT word, “good.” The Greek is chrestos, which can mean good, kind, or precious. It seems to have more depth of meaning than simply using the rather innocuous word “good.”

Next the MT uses the phrase “sacrifice of praise” for what the returning exiles will bring to God’s house. The LXX says “gifts.”

12 “Thus says the LORD of hosts: ‘In this place which is desolate, without man and without beast, and in all its cities, there shall again be a dwelling place of shepherds causing their flocks to lie down. 13 In the cities of the mountains, in the cities of the lowland, in the cities of the South, in the land of Benjamin, in the places around Jerusalem, and in the cities of Judah, the flocks shall again pass under the hands of him who counts them,’ says the LORD. Jeremiah 33:12–13 (NKJV)

12 This is what the Lord of power said: ‘There will be lodgings for shepherds resting their sheep in this desert place where no person or cattle are, in all its cities. 13 Sheep will yet pass under the hand of he who counts, in the cities of the hill country, and in the cities of the Shephelah, and in the cities of the Negeb, and in the land of Benjamin, and in the surroundings of Jerusalem, and in the cities of Judah,’ said the Lord.” Jeremiah 40:12–13 (LES2)

This passage basically agrees. However, this is the end of the chapter in the LXX. The MT continues for verses 14-26, which is a passage used by many Zionists and Dispensationalists. 

14 ‘Behold, the days are coming,’ says the LORD, ‘that I will perform that good thing which I have promised to the house of Israel and to the house of Judah: 15 ‘In those days and at that time I will cause to grow up to David A Branch of righteousness; He shall execute judgment and righteousness in the earth. 16 In those days Judah will be saved, And Jerusalem will dwell safely. And this is the name by which she will be called: THE LORD OUR RIGHTEOUSNESS’ 17 “For thus says the LORD: ‘David shall never lack a man to sit on the throne of the house of Israel; 18 nor shall the priests, the Levites, lack a man to offer burnt offerings before Me, to kindle grain offerings, and to sacrifice continually.’ ” 19 And the word of the LORD came to Jeremiah, saying, 20 “Thus says the LORD: ‘If you can break My covenant with the day and My covenant with the night, so that there will not be day and night in their season, 21 then My covenant may also be broken with David My servant, so that he shall not have a son to reign on his throne, and with the Levites, the priests, My ministers. 22 As the host of heaven cannot be numbered, nor the sand of the sea measured, so will I multiply the descendants of David My servant and the Levites who minister to Me.’ ” 23 Moreover the word of the LORD came to Jeremiah, saying, 24 “Have you not considered what these people have spoken, saying, ‘The two families which the LORD has chosen, He has also cast them off’? Thus they have despised My people, as if they should no more be a nation before them. 25 “Thus says the LORD: ‘If My covenant is not with day and night, and if I have not appointed the ordinances of heaven and earth, 26 then I will cast away the descendants of Jacob and David My servant, so that I will not take any of his descendants to be rulers over the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. For I will cause their captives to return, and will have mercy on them.’ ” Jeremiah 33:14–26 (NKJV)

 

It should be clear why the Masoretes added this passage of text to Jeremiah. The MT was completed in the year 1000, about 900 years after the Jews were completely expelled from the land of Israel following the failure of the Bar Kohkba revolt in 135 AD. The land had been renamed Palestine by the Romans. The rabbis wanted to keep alive a manufactured promise of the restoration of the priesthood and sacrifices, which God ended in 70 AD when the temple was destroyed. Sadly, these manufactured prophetic words are often quoted by Dispensationalists and Christian Zionists as proof texts for their erroneous doctrines that deny the truth of the New Covenant. All Scriptures points to Christ (John 5:39). Since his resurrection and the outpouring of the Holy Spirit on Pentecost, the church, composed of both Jews and Gentiles, has been the center of God’s activity on earth. The ancient nation of Israel served its purpose to husband God’s Word and to provide the biological line for the Messiah. Since then, Israel was meant to recede into the background, just as John the Baptist did when Christ appeared on the scene. How tragic it would have been had John sought to compete with Jesus for the limelight! The Jews hate Jesus to this day, except for the remnant who are part of the church. They still see themselves as the center of what God is doing and will do. This passage is a perfect illustration of this.

The rabbis sold Jerome on the concept of “Hebrew truth,” which convinced him that the MT was the mist genuine version of the Old Testament, rather than the inferior LXX. Since then, in the West, we have believed that ruse. How could we place our trust in a group who despises Jesus? The Scriptures say that those who reject Jesus also reject the Father. (1 John 2:22-23) We should never rely on those who serve another god to be the custodian of God’s truth. The LXX was used by the early church. It should be good enough for us, too.

 

Rediscovering the Septuagint (LXX): Jeremiah 31 – Part 2

Here is a direct side-by-side comparison of the Masoretic Text with the LXX.  I have concluded that the LXX is much to be preferred over the Masoretic Text, a position from which the Eastern Orthodox Church never deviated. Perhaps, if you take the time to read my comparisons and other articles, you will arrive at the same conclusion.

The Septuagint version I am using is the Lexham English Septuagint 2nd Edition, which is available in print or as part of Logos Bible Software. Occasionally I also use the Brenton translation of the LXX for insight into difficult passages.

If you want to know more, click on the following links.

Masoretic Text Septuagint Significance

31 “Behold, the days are coming, says the LORD, when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah—32 not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers in the day that I took them by the hand to lead them out of the land of Egypt, My covenant which they broke, though I was a husband to them, says the LORD. Jeremiah 31:31–32 (NKJV) 

31 “Look! The days are coming,” declares the Lord, “and I will establish a new covenant with the house of Israel and the house of Judah, 32 not according to the covenant that I established with their fathers on the day I seized their hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt; for they did not remain in my covenant, and I neglected them,” declares the Lord. Jeremiah 38:31–32 (LES2)

Immediately we see the evidence that the MT rearranged the LXX chapter order. Chapter 31 in the MT is chapter 38 in the LXX.

Basically, the two agree until the last part of verse 32. The MT says that Israel “broke” the covenant, but the LXX says that they did not “remain in” it. The MT says, “though I was a husband to them,” but the LXX says, “and I neglected them.” This wording agrees with the New Testament quote in Hebrews.

8 Because finding fault with them, He says: “Behold, the days are coming, says the LORD, when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah—9 not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers in the day when I took them by the hand to lead them out of the land of Egypt; because they did not continue in My covenant, and I disregarded them, says the LORD. Hebrews 8:8–9 (NKJV)

The wording of the LXX agrees with the Hebrews quote. This is not the case with some of the words and phrases in the MT.

33 But this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, says the LORD: I will put My law in their minds, and write it on their hearts; and I will be their God, and they shall be My people. 34 No more shall every man teach his neighbor, and every man his brother, saying, ‘Know the LORD,’ for they all shall know Me, from the least of them to the greatest of them, says the LORD. For I will forgive their iniquity, and their sin I will remember no more.” Jeremiah 31:33–34 (NKJV) 

33 “For this is my covenant that I will establish with the house of Israel after those days,” declares the Lord. “In giving, I will give my laws into their mind, and I will write them upon their hearts. And I will become a God for them, and they will become a people for me. 34 And each one will not teach his fellow citizen, or each his brother, saying, ‘Know the Lord!’ because everyone will know me, from the smallest of them to the greatest of them, because I will be gracious to their injustices. And I shall not remember their sins any longer. Jeremiah 38:33–34 (LES2)

Except for minor variations in wording, this passage is in agreement.

The letter to the Hebrews in the New Testament quotes this passage.

10 For this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, says the LORD: I will put My laws in their mind and write them on their hearts; and I will be their God, and they shall be My people. 11 None of them shall teach his neighbor, and none his brother, saying, ‘Know the LORD,’ for all shall know Me, from the least of them to the greatest of them. 12 For I will be merciful to their unrighteousness, and their sins and their lawless deeds I will remember no more.” Hebrews 8:10–12 (NKJV)

This passage basically agrees with the LXX and the MT.

35 Thus says the LORD, Who gives the sun for a light by day, The ordinances of the moon and the stars for a light by night, Who disturbs the sea, And its waves roar (The LORD of hosts is His name): 36 “If those ordinances depart From before Me, says the LORD, Then the seed of Israel shall also cease From being a nation before Me forever.” 37 Thus says the LORD: “If heaven above can be measured, And the foundations of the earth searched out beneath, I will also cast off all the seed of Israel For all that they have done, says the LORD. Jeremiah 31:35–37 (NKJV) 

35 Even if the heavens were raised up to the heights,” declares the Lord, “and the ground of the earth lowered downward, even then I would not reject the race of Israel,” declares the Lord, “concerning all the things they have done.” 36 This is what the Lord said, he who gives the sun as light for the day, the moon and stars as light for the night, and the shout in the sea and its waves roared; the Lord Almighty is his name. 37 “If these laws cease from before my face,” declares the Lord, “then the race of Israel will cease to be a people before my face all the days. Jeremiah 38:35–37 (LES2) 

Here the order of the wording has been changed. Assuming, as I do, that the LXX is the more ancient and correct version of the Hebrew scriptures, I allege that the MT has made some changes to suit the purposes of the Jewish rabbis who have always opposed Christ and his disciples. Therefore, I will comment in the order of the LXX.

Verse 35 states an impossibility that, were it to become true, even then God’s faithfulness to the “genos” or race of Israel not cease. In the New Covenant, this is the race of people who are born again by the Holy Spirit, whom Peter describes as a holy nation, God’s own special people. (1 Peter 2:9) The MT changes the wording to something its authors thought was better, referring to measuring the heavens and searching out the foundations of the earth. What a pity this is not what Jeremiah said, because it sounds so nice. Verse 36 and 37 in the LXX lists the sun, moon, stars, and ocean as obeying fixed laws, but even if these laws be abrogated, God will maintain the ethnos, which means people or nation of Israel. Once again, we are speaking of the New Covenant, which has no regard for the natural nation of Israel, but only for the supernatural “Israel of God,” the bride of Christ, the one new man in Christ, the church. Flesh cannot inherit the kingdom of God. (1 Corinthians 15:50)

 

Rediscovering the Septuagint (LXX): Jeremiah 25

Here is a direct side-by-side comparison of the Masoretic Text with the LXX.  I have concluded that the LXX is much to be preferred over the Masoretic Text, a position from which the Eastern Orthodox Church never deviated. Perhaps, if you take the time to read my comparisons and other articles, you will arrive at the same conclusion.

The Septuagint version I am using is the Lexham English Septuagint 2nd Edition, which is available in print or as part of Logos Bible Software. Occasionally I also use the Brenton translation of the LXX for insight into difficult passages.

If you want to know more, click on the following links.

Masoretic Text Septuagint Significance

1 The word that came to Jeremiah concerning all the people of Judah, in the fourth year of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah, king of Judah (which was the first year of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon), 2 which Jeremiah the prophet spoke to all the people of Judah and to all the inhabitants of Jerusalem, saying: 3 “From the thirteenth year of Josiah the son of Amon, king of Judah, even to this day, this is the twenty-third year in which the word of the LORD has come to me; and I have spoken to you, rising early and speaking, but you have not listened. 4 And the LORD has sent to you all His servants the prophets, rising early and sending them, but you have not listened nor inclined your ear to hear. 5 They said, ‘Repent now everyone of his evil way and his evil doings, and dwell in the land that the LORD has given to you and your fathers forever and ever. 6 Do not go after other gods to serve them and worship them, and do not provoke Me to anger with the works of your hands; and I will not harm you.’ 7 Yet you have not listened to Me,” says the LORD, “that you might provoke Me to anger with the works of your hands to your own hurt. Jeremiah 25:1–7 (NKJV) 

1 The word that came to Jeremiah against all the people of Judah in the fourth year of Jehoiakim, the son of Josiah, king of Judah, 2 which he spoke to all the people of Judah and to those who dwell in Jerusalem, saying, 3 “In the thirteenth year of Josiah, the son of Amos, king of Judah, and until this day for twenty-three years, I spoke to you, rising early and speaking. 4 And I sent you my servants, the prophets, sending them at dawn, and you did not listen or pay attention with your ears, 5 saying, ‘Turn back, each of you, from his evil way and from your evil pursuits, and you will dwell upon the land that I gave you and your fathers from eternity to eternity. 6 Don’t go after foreign gods to serve them and worship them, so that you do not provoke me by the works of your hands so as to mistreat you.’ 7 And you did not hear me.” Jeremiah 25:1–7 (LES2) 

The tampering of the LXX text by the Masoretes is quite apparent in this chapter of Jeremiah. Editorial insertions are made, and, starting here, the arrangement of the rest of Jeremiah’s prophecies has been severely altered by the MT. I struck through the text that the MT inserts to make it readily apparent. 

Regarding the rest of this passage, although there are some minor variations of words and meanings, it is very close.

 

8 “Therefore thus says the LORD of hosts: ‘Because you have not heard My words, 9 behold, I will send and take all the families of the north,’ says the LORD, ‘and Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon, My servant, and will bring them against this land, against its inhabitants, and against these nations all around, and will utterly destroy them, and make them an astonishment, a hissing, and perpetual desolations. 10 Moreover I will take from them the voice of mirth and the voice of gladness, the voice of the bridegroom and the voice of the bride, the sound of the millstones and the light of the lamp. 11 And this whole land shall be a desolation and an astonishment, and these nations shall serve the king of Babylon seventy years. Jeremiah 25:8–11 (NKJV) 

8 Therefore, thus says the Lord: “Since you have not trusted my words, 9 look, I am sending and will take a family from the north, and I will bring them against this land and against those who dwell in it and against all the nations surrounding it. And I will desolate them and give them up to destruction and hissing and an eternal reproach. 10 And I will destroy the sound of joy and the sound of merriment from them, the sound of the bridegroom and the sound of the bride, the scent of perfume and the light of the lamp. 11 And all the land will be a ruin, and they will be slaves among the nations for seventy years. Jeremiah 25:8–11 (LES2)

That first difference I will mention in this passage is that the MT says in verse 8, “Because you have not heard my words,” but the LXX says “not believed my words.” The second difference is in verse 9, where the MT says “all the families (or clans) of the north,” but the LXX says “a family.” The MT also inserts some text here. The wording regarding God’s judgment is different, too. The MT says, “astonishment, hissings, and perpetual desolations.” The LXX says, “destruction, hissing, and eternal reproach.” In verse 10, the MT uses “the sound of the millstone,” but the LXX says, “the scent of perfume.” In verse 11, the MT adds “and an astonishment.” The MT also changes the text to read, “and these nations shall serve the king of Babylon seventy years.” The LXX simply says, “they will be slaves among the nations for seventy years.”

12 ‘Then it will come to pass, when seventy years are completed, that I will punish the king of Babylon and that nation, the land of the Chaldeans, for their iniquity,’ says the LORD; ‘and I will make it a perpetual desolation. 13 So I will bring on that land all My words which I have pronounced against it, all that is written in this book, which Jeremiah has prophesied concerning all the nations. Jeremiah 25:12–13 (NKJV) 

12 And when seventy years have been completed, I will avenge that nation, and I will make them an eternal destruction. 13 And I will bring against that land all my words that I have spoken against it, all that is written in this document.” Jeremiah 25:12–13 (LES2) 

Here is another example of editorial insertions.

34 The word of the LORD that came to Jeremiah the prophet against Elam, in the beginning of the reign of Zedekiah king of Judah, saying, 35 “Thus says the LORD of hosts: ‘Behold, I will break the bow of Elam, The foremost of their might. 36 Against Elam I will bring the four winds From the four quarters of heaven, And scatter them toward all those winds; There shall be no nations where the outcasts of Elam will not go. 37 For I will cause Elam to be dismayed before their enemies And before those who seek their life. I will bring disaster upon them, My fierce anger,’ says the LORD; ‘And I will send the sword after them Until I have consumed them. 38 I will set My throne in Elam, And will destroy from there the king and the princes,’ says the LORD. 39 ‘But it shall come to pass in the latter days: I will bring back the captives of Elam,’ says the LORD.” Jeremiah 49:34–39 (NKJV)

14 What Jeremiah prophesied against the nations of Elam. 15 Thus says the Lord: “Let the bow of Elam be broken, the power of their sovereignty. 16 And I will bring the four winds from the four edges of the sky against Elam, and I will scatter them among all these winds, and there will be no nation to which those who were thrust out of Elam will not come. 17 And I will terrify them before their enemies who seek their life. And I will bring bad things upon them, according to the wrath of my anger, and I will send my sword after them until they are consumed. 18 And I will set my throne in Elam, and from there I will send a king and nobles. 19 And this will happen in the end of days: I will also return the captivity of Elam,” says the Lord. Jeremiah 25:14–19 (LES2) 

Here is where the great reorganization of the Jeremiah’s prophecies begins. Notice that the rest of chapter 25 in the LXX is found in chapter 49 of the MT. Verse 15 of chapter 25 in the MT is found in chapter 32 of the LXX.

Elam corresponds to modern SW Iran today. Notice that the MT says, “against Elam,” but the LXX says, “against the nations of Elam.” The MT says God will break “the foremost of their might,” but the LXX literally says, “Let…the rule of their dynasty” be broken.

In verse 18 there is a big difference. The MT says, “I will destroy there the king and the princes,” which no doubt the current war with Iran is attempting to do. The LXX, however, says, “from there I will send a king and nobles.” I am not sure what that means, but it contrasts with the MT significantly. 

Since this will happen in the “end of days,” the eschaton in Greek, perhaps it is not the return from the Babylonian captivity during the time of Ezra and Nehemiah.

Summary: This chapter in Jeremiah shows how the MT inserts text, changes words and meanings, and alters the arrangement of the LXX. By changing the text in verse 38 of chapter 49 of Jeremiah in the MT, it could now be used to justify the current US-Israeli war against Iran.

New Testament Use of the Septuagint – Romans 9:17

Here is New Testament passage that shows that the Septuagint was the version of the Scriptures used by the early church and the Holy Spirit. The Septuagint version I am using is the Lexham English Septuagint 2nd Edition, which is available in print or as part of Logos Bible Software. Occasionally I also use the Brenton translation of the LXX for insight into difficult passages.

If you want to know more, click on the following links.

NT Quote
LXX
MT
Comment

17 For the Scripture says to the Pharaoh, “For this very purpose [houtos] I have raised you up [exegeiro], that I may show [endeiknumi] My power [dunamis] in you, and that My name [onoma] may be declared [diangelo] in [en] all [pas] the earth [ge].” Romans 9:17 (NKJV) 

16 And for this [houtos] purpose [eneka] you have been preserved [diatereo], in order that [hopos] I may display [endeiknumi] my power [ischus] in you and in order that [hopos] my name [onoma] might be proclaimed [diangelo] throughout [en] all [pas] the earth [ge]. Exodus 9:16 (LES2) 

16 But indeed for this purpose I have raised you up, that I may show My power in you, and that My name may be declared in all the earth. Exodus 9:16 (NKJV) 

Although Paul’s quote contains many of the same Greek words as the LXX, I will give this one to the MT.

 

 

New Testament Use of the Septuagint – Romans 9:15

Here is New Testament passage that shows that the Septuagint was the version of the Scriptures used by the early church and the Holy Spirit. The Septuagint version I am using is the Lexham English Septuagint 2nd Edition, which is available in print or as part of Logos Bible Software. Occasionally I also use the Brenton translation of the LXX for insight into difficult passages.

If you want to know more, click on the following links.

NT Quote
LXX
MT
Comment

15 For He says to Moses, “I will have mercy on whomever I will have mercy, and I will have compassion on whomever I will have compassion.” Romans 9:15 (NKJV)

19 And God said, “I myself will pass by in front of you in my glory, and I will speak on my name, the Lord, before you, and I will have mercy [eleeo] upon whomever [hos] I will have mercy eleeo], and I will have compassion [oiktiro] upon whomever [hos] I will have compassion [oiktiro].” Exodus 33:19 (LES2) 

19 Then He said, “I will make all My goodness pass before you, and I will proclaim the name of the LORD before you. I will be gracious to whom I will be gracious, and I will have compassion on whom I will have compassion.” Exodus 33:19 (NKJV) 

Paul quoted the LXX verbatim.

 

 

Rediscovering the Septuagint (LXX): Zechariah 6:11-12

Here is a direct side-by-side comparison of the Masoretic Text with the LXX.  I have concluded that the LXX is much to be preferred over the Masoretic Text, a position from which the Eastern Orthodox Church never deviated. Perhaps, if you take the time to read my comparisons and other articles, you will arrive at the same conclusion.

The Septuagint version I am using is the Lexham English Septuagint 2nd Edition, which is available in print or as part of Logos Bible Software. Occasionally I also use the Brenton translation of the LXX for insight into difficult passages.

If you want to know more, click on the following links.

Masoretic Text Septuagint Significance

11 Take the silver and gold, make an elaborate crown, and set it on the head of Joshua the son of Jehozadak, the high priest. 12 Then speak to him, saying, ‘Thus says the LORD of hosts, saying: “Behold, the Man whose name is the BRANCH! From His place He shall branch out, And He shall build the temple of the LORD; Zechariah 6:11–12 (NKJV)

11 And you will take silver and gold, and you will make crowns and place them upon the head of the great priest Joshua, the son of Jehozadak. 12 And you will say to him, ‘This is what the Lord Almighty says: “Behold, a man; Anatole is his name, and from beneath him he will rise up and build the house of the Lord. Zechariah 6:11–12 (LES2) 

In the Greek LXX, the word for Joshua is the same word as Jesus. The early church would have seen this as a clear reference to the him. That is why the MT altered the next verse to hide the truth.

The MT identifies Joshua, son of Jehozadak, as the Branch who will branch out and rebuild the physical temple of the Lord.

The LXX says that this Joshua, which is the same word as Jesus in Greek, will be called “Anatole,” which literally means “rising.” Using it as a proper name might better be translated as “Risen One.” This Anatole will rise up from beneath, meaning from the grave, to build the house (not temple) of the Lord, meaning the church, which is made out of what Peter called “living stones.” (1 Peter 2:5)

It is easy to see why the Masoretes wanted to hide this obvious pointer to the risen Lord Jesus.

 

Rediscovering the Septuagint (LXX): Jeremiah 23:5-6

Here is a direct side-by-side comparison of the Masoretic Text with the LXX.  I have concluded that the LXX is much to be preferred over the Masoretic Text, a position from which the Eastern Orthodox Church never deviated. Perhaps, if you take the time to read my comparisons and other articles, you will arrive at the same conclusion.

The Septuagint version I am using is the Lexham English Septuagint 2nd Edition, which is available in print or as part of Logos Bible Software. Occasionally I also use the Brenton translation of the LXX for insight into difficult passages.

If you want to know more, click on the following links.

Masoretic Text Septuagint Significance

5 “Behold, the days are coming,” says the LORD, “That I will raise to David a Branch of righteousness; A King shall reign and prosper, And execute judgment and righteousness in the earth. 6 In His days Judah will be saved, And Israel will dwell safely; Now this is His name by which He will be called: THE LORD OUR RIGHTEOUSNESS Jeremiah 23:5–6 (NKJV) 

5 “Look, the days are coming,” says the Lord, “and I will raise up a righteous rising [Greek – anatole] for David, and a king will reign and understand and perform justice and righteousness in the land. 6 In his days both Judah will be delivered, and Israel will encamp confidently, and this is his name, which the Lord will call him: “Jozadak.” Jeremiah 23:5–6 (LES2) 

In verse 5, the MT says, “I will raise to David a Branch of righteousness.” Branch is used in more than one place in the MT, but never shows up in the LXX. It is a mysterious word that would be more literally translated as a “sprouting of growth.” The LXX records Jeremiah saying, “I will raise up a righteous rising [Greek – anatole] for David.” This Greek word for rising is used to describe the sun rising in the east, and we shall see that it is is a clear foreshadowing of Christ’s resurrection. (John 5:39, Luke 24:25-27) Jesus is the the king who fulfilled the rest of the prophecy in verse 5.

The next difference is the name by which Jeremiah says this coming king will be called. The MT says, “The Lord our righteousness,.” which is an approximation of the meaning of the proper name given to the high priest Jozadek – The Lord is Righteous. However, by choosing to use the meaning of the name instead of the name, the MT hides an important pointer to Christ.

Jozadek was a high priest mentioned in Ezra, Nehemiah, Haggai, and Zechariah. Jeremiah prophesied that he would have a son named Joshua (Jesus in Greek). If this is not an absolute hint, here is what Zechariah said about him.

11 And you will take silver and gold, and you will make crowns and place them upon the head of the great priest Joshua [Jesus in Greek], the son of Jehozadak. [another way of rendering Jozadak] 12 And you will say to him, ‘This is what the Lord Almighty says: “Behold, a man; Anatole is his name, and from beneath him he will rise up and build the house of the Lord. 13 And he will receive virtue, and he will sit and rule upon his throne... ” Zechariah 6:11–13a (LES2)

Notice that Jozadak (Jehozadak) will have a son named Jesus who will be crowned and rule upon his throne. Also, notice in verse 12 the mention of the word “Anatole” as another name for him, which cross references to Jeremiah 23:5, where he said that God would raise up a righteous Anatole for David! Since in this case Anatole is a proper name, I do not think it would be going too far to translate “Anatole” as Risen One. This Risen One, according to Zechariah, rises from “beneath,” which is a reference to the lower parts of the earth. (Ephesians 4:9) Jesus rose from the dead!

If we now look at the MT version of Zechariah 6:11-13, we will see that the Masoretes were careful to change the passage in Zechariah to match Jeremiah.

11 Take the silver and gold, make an elaborate crown, and set it on the head of Joshua the son of Jehozadak, the high priest. 12 Then speak to him, saying, ‘Thus says the LORD of hosts, saying: “Behold, the Man whose name is the BRANCH! From His place He shall branch out, And He shall build the temple of the LORD; 13 Yes, He shall build the temple of the LORD. He shall bear the glory, And shall sit and rule on His throne; So He shall be a priest on His throne, And the counsel of peace shall be between them both.” ’ Zechariah 6:11–13 (NKJV)

Instead of calling him the Risen One or Anatole,he is called the branch who branches out.

The MT hides an amazing prophecy about Christ and replaced it with something that has an uncertain meaning. The Holy Spirit meant for us to see Christ clearly in this passage as the promised Risen One.

Summary: This passage from Jeremiah is an example of the clever way the Masoretes took a clear reference to Christ and changed it into something that has less far less clarity. It is possible to link Branch to Christ in a roundabout way, but the reference to Anatole, the Risen One, is so obvious that it smacks one in the face.

New Testament Use of the Septuagint – Matthew 12:18-21

Here is New Testament passage that shows that the Septuagint was the version of the Scriptures used by the early church and the Holy Spirit. The Septuagint version I am using is the Lexham English Septuagint 2nd Edition, which is available in print or as part of Logos Bible Software. Occasionally I also use the Brenton translation of the LXX for insight into difficult passages.

If you want to know more, click on the following links.

NT Quote
LXX
MT
Comment

18 “Behold! My Servant whom I have chosen, My Beloved in whom My soul is well pleased! I will put My Spirit upon Him, And He will declare justice to the Gentiles. 19 He will not quarrel nor cry out, Nor will anyone hear His voice in the streets. 20 A bruised reed He will not break, And smoking flax He will not quench, Till He sends forth justice to victory; 21 And in His name Gentiles will trust.” Matthew 12:18–21 (NKJV) 

3 And he said to me, “You are my servant, Israel, and I will be glorified in you.” Isaiah 49:3 (LES2) 

1 Jacob is my child, I will help him; Israel is my chosen one, my soul has accepted him. I have given my spirit upon him; he will bring forth judgment upon the nations. 2 He will not cry out or lift up his voice, nor will his voice be heard outside. 3 He will not crush a bruised reed, and he will not extinguish a smoking flax, but he will bring forth justice to truth. 4 He will blaze forth and will not be shattered until he brings justice upon the earth, and the nations will hope in his name. Isaiah 42:1–4 (LES2) 

3 “And He said to me, ‘You are My servant, O Israel, In whom I will be glorified.’ Isaiah 49:3 (NKJV)

1 “Behold! My Servant whom I uphold, My Elect One in whom My soul delights! I have put My Spirit upon Him; He will bring forth justice to the Gentiles. 2 He will not cry out, nor raise His voice, Nor cause His voice to be heard in the street. 3 A bruised reed He will not break, And smoking flax He will not quench; He will bring forth justice for truth. 4 He will not fail nor be discouraged, Till He has established justice in the earth; And the coastlands shall wait for His law.” Isaiah 42:1–4 (NKJV)

Once again Matthew seems to be mixing and matching. He largely follows the MT but at the end he uses phrasing from the LXX. I give this one to neither side.
       

 

 

New Testament Use of the Septuagint – Matthew 11:10

Here is New Testament passage that shows that the Septuagint was the version of the Scriptures used by the early church and the Holy Spirit. The Septuagint version I am using is the Lexham English Septuagint 2nd Edition, which is available in print or as part of Logos Bible Software. Occasionally I also use the Brenton translation of the LXX for insight into difficult passages.

If you want to know more, click on the following links.

NT Quote
LXX
MT
Comment

10 For this is he of whom it is written: ‘Behold [idou], I send [apostello] My messenger [angelos] before [pro] Your face [prosopon], Who will prepare [kataskeuadzo] Your way [hodos] before [emprosthen] You.’ Matthew 11:10 (NKJV) 

1 “Look [horao], I send [exapostello] my messenger [angelos], and he will observe [epiblepo] the way [hodos] before [pro] my face [prosopon]. And suddenly, the Lord, whom you seek, will come into his own temple. And the messenger of the covenant, whom you want, look, he comes,” says the Lord Almighty. Malachi 3:1 (LES2) 

1 “Behold, I send My messenger, And he will prepare the way before Me. And the Lord, whom you seek, Will suddenly come to His temple, Even the Messenger of the covenant, In whom you delight. Behold, He is coming,” Says the LORD of hosts. Malachi 3:1 (NKJV) 

It is difficult to tell what source Matthew was using because he does not exactly quote either the MT or LXX. I lean toward the LXX on this one.
       

 

 

New Testament Use of the Septuagint – Matthew 11:2-6

Here is New Testament passage that shows that the Septuagint was the version of the Scriptures used by the early church and the Holy Spirit. The Septuagint version I am using is the Lexham English Septuagint 2nd Edition, which is available in print or as part of Logos Bible Software. Occasionally I also use the Brenton translation of the LXX for insight into difficult passages.

If you want to know more, click on the following links.

NT Quote
LXX
MT
Comment

2 And when John had heard in prison about the works of Christ, he sent two of his disciples 3 and said to Him, “Are You the Coming One, or do we look for another?” 4 Jesus answered and said to them, “Go and tell John the things which you hear and see: 5 The blind [tuflos] see [anablepo ]and the lame [cholos] walk [peripateo]; the lepers [lepros] are cleansed [katharidzo] and the deaf [kophos] hear [akouo]; the dead [nekros] are raised up [egeiro] and the poor [ptochos] have the gospel preached [euangelidzo] to them.  Matthew 11:2–5 (NKJV) 

18 And on that day deaf people will hear the words of a scroll, and the eyes of blind people will see in the darkness and in the fog, 19 and poor people will rejoice with cheer because of the Lord, and those people who are despairing will be filled with cheer. Isaiah 29:18–19 (LES2)

4 Give comfort, fainthearted in mind! Be strong; do not be frightened! Look, our God is repaying judgment, and he will repay! He himself will come and save us! 5 Then blind people’s eyes will be opened, and dumb people’s ears will hear. 6 Then the lame will leap like a deer, and the stammerer’s tongue will be clear, because water has broken forth in the desert, and a ravine in a thirsting land. Isaiah 35:4–6 (LES2) 

 

18 In that day the deaf shall hear the words of the book, And the eyes of the blind shall see out of obscurity and out of darkness. 19 The humble also shall increase their joy in the LORD, And the poor among men shall rejoice In the Holy One of Israel. Isaiah 29:18–19 (NKJV) 

4 Say to those who are fearful-hearted, “Be strong, do not fear! Behold, your God will come with vengeance, With the recompense of God; He will come and save you.” 5 Then the eyes of the blind shall be opened, And the ears of the deaf shall be unstopped. 6 Then the lame shall leap like a deer, And the tongue of the dumb sing. For waters shall burst forth in the wilderness, And streams in the desert. Isaiah 35:4–6 (NKJV) 

Jesus, who is the eternal Logos, took bits from Isaiah’s prophecies to give the signs of the Messiah. I cannot give this one to either the MT or LXX.

6 And blessed is he who is not offended because of Me.” Matthew 11:2–6 (NKJV) 

14 And if you trust him, he will become a sanctuary for you, and you will not encounter him as an obstacle of stone or like a fall from a rock. But the houses of Jacob are in a snare, and those who sit in Jerusalem are in a pit. Isaiah 8:14 (LES2)

14 He will be as a sanctuary, But a stone of stumbling and a rock of offense To both the houses of Israel, As a trap and a snare to the inhabitants of Jerusalem. Isaiah 8:14 (NKJV) 

Once again, Jesus took an idea from Isaiah and coined his own verse, as he is authorized to do. 

 

 

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